Smart Cards

1. Presentation Smart card is perhaps the best accomplishment in the realm of data innovation. Comparative in size to the present plastic installment card, the brilliant card has a microchip or memory chip inserted in it that, when combined with a peruser, has the preparing capacity to serve a wide range of utilizations. As an entrance control gadget, savvy cards can be utilized to get to server remotely over the Internet and they can make individual and business information accessible just to the suitable clients. Keen cards give information compactness, security, accommodation and so forth. As indicated by Gemplus (ref. 19]), keen cards can be ordered into the accompanying . Memory and chip Memory cards just store information and can be seen as a little floppy circle with discretionary security. A chip card, then again, can include, erase and control data in its memory on the card. Contact and contactless †Contact savvy cards are embedded into a keen card peruser, reaching the peruser. In any case, contactless brilliant cards have a recieving wire implanted inside the card that empowers correspondence with the peruser without physical contact. A combi card consolidates the two highlights with an extremely elevated level of security.Smart cards assist organizations with advancing and extend their items and administrations in a changing worldwide commercial center. The extent of employments for a brilliant card has extended every year to remember applications for an assortment of business sectors and orders. As of late, the data age has presented a variety of security and protection gives that have called for cutting edge shrewd card security applications. â€Å"Key to the worldwide village†,â that is the manner by which the Smart Card has been depicted. Savvy Cards will carry large changes to the manner in which individuals give and get data and the manner in which they go through cash. They will profoundly affect retailing and administration deli very.A Smart Cardâ is like a â€Å"electronic wallet†. It is a standard Visa estimated plastic smart token inside which a microchip has been installed inside its body and which makes it ‘smart'. It gives memory limit, however computational capacity too and in this manner the chip is equipped for handling information. It has gold contacts that permit different gadgets to speak with it. This chip holds an assortment of data, from put away (money related) esteem utilized for retail and candy machines to secureâ informationâ andâ applicationsâ for better quality tasks, for example, clinical/medicinal services records.New data and applications can be included depending the chip capacities. Savvy Cards can store a few hundred times a greater number of information than an ordinary Card with aâ magnetic stripeâ and can be modified to uncover just the pertinent data. For Example, it could tell a gadget in a store that there is adequate parity in a record to pay for an e xchange without uncovering the parity sum. The marriage between an advantageous plastic card and a chip permits data to be put away, got to and prepared either on the web or offline.Therefore, not at all like the read-just plastic card, the handling intensity of Smart Cards gives them the flexibility expected to make installments, to arrange your PDAs, TVs and video players and to associate with your PCs through phone, satellite or the Internet whenever, anyplace on the planet. 2. HISORICAL PERSPECTIVE Smart card was designed toward the finish of the seventies by Michel Ugon (Guillou, 1992). The French gathering of bankcards CB (Carte Bancaire) was made in 1985 and has permitted the dissemination of 24 million gadgets (Fancher, 1997). For the physical qualities the primary draft proposition was enrolled in 1983.A significant conversation brought about the normalization of the contact area. Next was the normalization of signs and conventions which brought about measures ISO/IEC 7816/ 1-4. Coherent security came straightaway, as it was obvious from the earliest starting point that there was a requirement for cryptographic capacities, however this was somewhat troublesome because of the constrained registering power and the couple of bytes of RAM accessible around then (Quisquater, 1997). These days, shrewd cards are utilized in a few applications. The innovation has its authentic starting point in the seventies when innovators in Germany, Japan, and France documented the first licenses. While creators in the U.S. , Japan and Austria, were given licenses, it was the French who put forth enormous cash to push the innovation. They did this in the 1970's, during a time of significant national interest in modernizing the country's innovation foundation. Because of a few factors most work on Smart Cards was at the innovative work level until the mid-eighties. From that point forward, the business has been developing at huge rate is transporting more than one billion (1 ,000,000,000) cards every year (since 1998). The current total populace of Smart Cards of somewhere in the range of 1. 7 billion is set to increment to 4 billion or more cards inside the following 3-4 years.A review finished via Card Technology Magazine (http://www. cardtechnology. com) demonstrated that the business had sent mutiple. 5 billion savvy cards worldwide in 1999. Throughout the following five years, the business will encounter consistent development, especially in cards and gadgets to lead electronic trade and to empower secure access to PC systems. An investigation by Dataquest in March, 2000, predicts very nearly 28 million keen card shipments (chip and memory) in the U. S. As per this investigation, a yearly development pace of 60% is normal for U. S. brilliant card shipments somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2003.Smart Card Forum Consumer Research, distributed in mid 1999, gives extra experiences into purchaser perspectives towards application and utilization of sav vy cards. The market of brilliant card is becoming quickly because of its wide scope of uses. The overall savvy cards showcase estimate in a great many dollars and billions of units as appeared in figure 1: 3. Development OF THE SMART CARD The primary stockpiling zone in such cards is normally EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory),â which can have its substance refreshed, and which holds flow substance when outer force is removed.Newer Smart Card chips, some of the time, additionally haveâ math co-processorsâ integrated into the microchip chip, which can perform very mind boggling encryption schedules moderately rapidly. The chip association is either through direct physical contact or remotely by means of a contact less electromagnetic interface. Its chip in this way describes a Smart Card remarkably; with its capacity to store considerably more dataâ (currently up to around 32,000 bytes)â than is hung on aâ magnetic stripe,â all inside a very secure environment.Data living in the chip can be ensured against outside review or modification, so successfully that the crucial mystery keys of the cryptographic frameworks used to ensure the trustworthiness and protection of card-related interchanges can be held securely against everything except the most complex types of assault. The practical design of a GSM (Global arrangement of versatile correspondence) framework can be extensively isolated intoâ the Mobile Station, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Subsystem. Every subsystem is involved useful substances that convey through the different interfaces utilizing indicated protocols.The endorser carriesâ the versatile station;â the base station subsystemâ controls the radio connection with the Mobile Station. The system subsystem,â the principle some portion of which is the Mobile administrations Switching Center, plays out the exchanging of calls between the versatile and other fixed or portable system clients, just a s the executives of versatile administrations, for example, confirmation. Fig 3. 1. 1: Smart Card Construction. Fig 3. 1. 2: Smart Card Construction. For the most part all chip cards are worked from layers of contrasting materials, or substrates, that when united appropriately gives the card a particular life and functionality.The run of the mill card today is produced using PVC, Polyester or Poly carbonate. The card layers are printed first and afterward overlaid in an enormous press. The following stage in development is the blanking or kick the bucket cutting. This is trailed by installing a chip and afterward adding information to the card. Taking all things together, there might be up to 30steps in developing a card. The all out segments, including programming and plastics, might be upwards of 12 separate things; this in a bound together bundle that appears to the client as a straightforward gadget. 3. 1 Types of shrewd cards:Today, there are fundamentally three classifications of Smart Cards †A microchip chip can include, erase and in any case control data in its memory. It very well may be seen as a small PC with an information/yield port, working framework and hard circle. Microchip chips are accessible 8, 16, and 32 piece designs. Their information stockpiling limit ranges from 300 bytes to 32,000 bytes with bigger sizes expected with semiconductor innovation propels. 3. 1. 2 Integrated Circuit (IC) Microprocessor Cards †Fig 3. 1. 1: An Integrated Circuit utilized in Smart Cards.Microprocessor cards (for the most part alluded to asâ â€Å"chip cards†) offer more prominent memory stockpiling and security of information than a customary attractive stripe card. Their chips may likewise be called asâ microprocessors with interior memoryâ which, notwithstanding memory, epitomize a processor constrained by aâ card working system,â with the capacity to process information installed, just as conveying little projects equipped for nearb y execution. The microchip card can include, erase, and in any case control data on the card, while a memory-chip card (for instance, prepaid telephone cards) can just embrace a pre-characterized operation.The current age of chip cards has anâ eight-bitâ processor, 32KB read-just memory, and 512 bytes of irregular access memory. This gives them the identical handling intensity of the original IBM-XT computer, though with marginally less memory limit. 3. 1. 2. 1. Utilizations: These cards are us

Romeo and Juliet theatre production Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet theater creation Essay For this bit of coursework I will investigate and clarify five tense and emotional scenes from the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Utilizing these scenes I will clarify how a creation at the Globe Theater could have been introduced to the crowd of the time, to expand the show and the characterisations. Likewise, I will consider how crowd response and cooperation have changed throughout the hundreds of years with differing ways to deal with the introduction of the story. Before continuing with this paper I will currently quickly clarify a portion of the components which harmonize with the prerequisites of this article question. For instance, I will give a concise rundown of the account of Romeo and Juliet, a blueprint of certain insights regarding the Globe theater, and a short audit of the remainder of the article question, for instance, a portion of the elements which would impact how a creation at the Globe Theater could have been introduced to the crowd of the time, to amplify the dramatization and the characterisations. The well known story of Romeo and Juliet, in light of the account sonnet, The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke is an account of two darlings, as the introduction broadly alludes to as A couple of star-crossd sweethearts, who were covertly hitched and out of nowhere isolated all through their dreadful section of their demise markd love. The Globe Theater was, in the same way as other others, for example, the Rose, the Swan and the Fortune a lasting playhouse worked in London in the Elizabethan occasions. In 1596 James Burbage, a craftsman by profession, who possessed the Theater and the Curtain Theater ran into challenges when he attempted to restore the ground rent of the Theater. Exchanges yielded no practical arrangement, and James kicked the bucket, leaving his child Cuthbert to determine the issue. The last acted with brave and creative mind. With the rent due to lapse toward the finish of that year, on 28 December 1598 he had the structure destroyed by a woodworker called Peter Street and twelve laborers. It was evacuated to a real estate parcel on the opposite side of the Thames I Southwark, not a long way from the Rose. In under Eight months they constructed the Globe, the wonderful wooden O referenced by the theme toward the start of Henry V. Shakespeare, one of the five players in the Chamberlains organization turned into a householder in the Globe, as it were proprietor of an offer in the property. The Fortune, the Globe and the Theater had the option to suit crowds of somewhere in the range of two and 3,000. Elizabethan crowds were somehow or another more complex than the crowds of the twentieth century. For instance, when we go to see another play or (more probable) another film, we hope to discover the oddity in the activity. A portion of the circumstances might be natural; we might have the option to envision the closure; and the characters (who ought not be excessively not quite the same as the individuals we meet each day) may talk lines that we have heard before in different plays and movies. Be that as it may, we do request another story. Shakespeares crowds had various desires. They were glad to be given stories that they perceived, inasmuch as the producers treatment was new and person. It is conceivable to follow a source, or sources, for all of Shakespeares plays. Some of Shakespeares plays present very notable stories-Antony and Cleopatra, for example, or the scope of plays managing the range of English history from the hour of Richard II to the rule of Henry VI. Shakespeares examines were exhaustive: generally there is more than one hotspot for a play. Notwithstanding, this isn't the situation in Romeo and Juliet as in this play Shakespeare depends as a rule on an account sonnet, The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke . The mix of interests and conventions In which Elizabethan dramatization accepted, for example, components from the Roman venue just as from Renaissance Italian and the mainstream Commendia dell arte, with its stock characters and half extemporized plots, which were notable to English screenwriters, similar to the impressive and declamatory catastrophes of Seneca, consolidated to make a mix of interests and customs which gave the Elizabethan show one favorable position that no cutting edge theater has. It made dramatization for the whole country. The uninstructed groundlings rushed to it as excitedly as the lettered supporters in the secured seats. The in vogue courageous was there however so was the energetic youthful researcher previously longing for acclaim and virtuoso. In this manner, from the earliest starting point the Shakespearean dramatization has one extraordinary opportunity; it doesn't need to channel itself to one layer of open taste. I can be lowbrow or highbrow as per the necessities of its topic. Be that as it may, this isn't its solitary bit of leeway. It has, what's more, the opportunity presented by the free creative mind. It's anything but a shopper craftsmanship however a specialty of investment. In Shakespeares day the performance center was a workmanship brimming with interest. In addition to the fact that it made utilization of verse, which brings the listener into a nearby association with the speaker. It additionally utilized the Ruth Draper strategy of making the crowd gracefully the visual foundation by creative mind alone. The outcome was an opportunity never again drew nearer until the start of radio show during the 1920s. Without hanging tight for (late) changes of unconvincing view, the activity can rush starting with one nation then onto the next, from the deck of a boat to the avenues of a city or from Mantua to Verona for instance. Notwithstanding, crowd support was not by any means the only manner by which the observer was moved nearer as one with the speaker and passed on a more clear image of the show being performed, there were numerous different components that impacted this. For instance, the portrayals and the language utilized by the characters would play as a lot of a significant job in doing this. Additionally, at times the setting, view and climate and props were incorporated to include shading and fervor, for example whirling blades in a fight scene would do this. Moreover, In the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years Considering the time contrast among once in a while, somewhat similarly as in the venue today audio effects and music, made by an ensemble or apparatus would have been utilized at specific focuses to futher underscore certain characteristics of the speaker and of the show being performed. I will currently clarify, how these highlights and others could have been utilized while introducing the play Romeo and Juliet to a group of people of the time at the Globe Theater to respond to the exposition question. * Scene One: For my first case of a strained and sensational scene in the play, I have picked, and will allude to the preamble. This is the first of the scenes in the play and is hence significant as far as the play itself, as it lays the right foundation for what continues in the remainder of the exhibition. The scene is introduced to the crowd by the ensemble a solitary figure who isn't a character and has no character, his capacity is essentially to disclose the circumstance obviously to the crowd. The scene, which is generally short, as its motivation is essentially to clarify the circumstance, utilizes numerous emotional words and expressions so as to quietness an anxious crowd and settle the observers into a fitting state of mind for the main scene to initiate. In the scene numerous sensational words and expressions are utilized, for example, Two families, both the same in pride (respectable, noteworthy), insurrection (savagery), star-crossd sweethearts (doomed darlings) and yet their childrens end, nothing could expel (But nobody could stop the passings of their youngsters). These sensational words and expressions would not just catch the crowds eye and settle them down prepared for the primary beginning of the play to continue yet additionally upgrade the discourse made by the tune and the portrayals of the chorale which could additionally be re-upheld by solid, energetic non-verbal communication and expressive outward appearances, which would advance the characterisations of the ensemble and show feeling for the onlookers to get and decipher for themselves as a major aspect of crowd support in which, utilizing the data given by the Chorus the observers would, utilizing their creative mind flexibly the visual foundation and thus, explain for themselves what had been said. I will broadly expound on crowd cooperation as this coursework advances. What's more, music and view were presented in Elizabethan and Jacobean occasions and, as in other Shakespearean plays, for example, Twelfth Night which was loaded up with tunes and especially Anthony and Cleopatra in which irregular sounds were made, for example, the clamor of an ocean battle, emotional audio cues may have been utilized at one point in the scene, either to add surface or to upgrade certain characteristics being performed. For this situation sensational audio cues may have been utilized so as to flag the finish of an introduction and the beginning of the principal scene. In addition, this may have been to a greater degree a need than an extravagance as the venue had no drapes or power outage to show the finish of a scene or act. Likewise, Shakespeare wouldnt fundamentally have demonstrated the parts of the bargains. In this manner, these audio cues would not just make crowd expectation and include energy, as the observers anticipate the opening of the play, yet in addition all the more significantly educate the crowd that the beginning of the play was initiating, also along these lines the onlookers would not get lost between the scenes. Interims between acts were presented in the fresher indoor theaters, though, as just referenced the outdoors theaters, for example, the Globe would in general play without a break. The indoor auditoriums had a preferred position in that they were secured over, so exhibitions could be arranged in awful climate and they were likewise lit by candles so exhibitions could be organized at night. Be that as it may, the more seasoned, amphitheater-style theaters, for example, the Globe would likely have made a more unrivaled air than the more up to date indoor performance centers as the crowd at theaters, for example, the Globe were presumably unquestionably increasingly fluctuated, including the most extravagant and

Video Lesson Primary and Secondary Sources

Video Lesson Primary and Secondary Sources (20) Level: Elementary school, Middle school Length: 2:22 Looking for more? Click here to see all of our video lessons and infographics. A high-quality research project involves the use and analyzation of other, outside sources, and connecting them to the thesis or argument. These other sources are generally primary and secondary sources. There are numerous places to find both types of sources and there are benefits to including both in a research assignment. Primary sources are original pieces of work. We use primary sources to help us learn about an event, topic, or historical time period. Primary sources include: letters diary entries original photographs reports speeches surveys newspaper articles that are published directly after an event artwork performances ….and many more Primary sources require students to develop their own analysis and argument since the primary source doesn’t include an evaluation from others. An example of a primary source is The Treaty of Versailles, which was an important document that brought World War I to an end. It is considered a primary source because it is a raw document that students themselves can interpret, critique, and analyze. Other examples of primary sources include Anne Frank’s Diary, The Declaration of Independence, Martin Luther King Jrs I Have a Dream speech, and Leonardo DaVinci’s Mona Lisa painting. Secondary sources interpret, critique, or analyze primary sources. Creators of secondary sources look at primary sources, develop meaning from them, and create their own analysis of the primary source. Secondary sources can include: reviews essays newspaper articles that analyze or discuss older events/ideas comments on blogs and articles textbooks Students should include secondary sources in their research projects as these sources provide evidence to strengthen their own argument and helps them learn about different perspectives. An example of a secondary source is the book titled, The Treaty of Versaille: A Concise History, by Michael S. Neiberg. In this book, the author analyzes the entire treaty, piece by piece, and evaluates how the treaty affected the world after its establishment. Another example of a secondary source is the website, Rotten Tomatoes, which provides reviews of films and movies. This video, Primary and Secondary Sources, provides students with an introduction to both terms and what they mean examples of each source type reasons as to why it’s important to use both types of sources in research projects Share this video with your students to help them understand the difference between these two types of sources and the reasons as to why they should be used in their research assignments. Need help citing your primary and secondary sources? Check out which allows you to cite your sources, using our automatic citation generator. Our MLA format citation guide and APA citation guide both explain how to manually format and cite all of your primary and secondary sources.  

The Compromise of 1877 Set the Stage for Jim Crow Era

The Compromise of 1877 was one of a series of political compromises reached during the 19th century in an effort to hold the United States together peacefully. What made the Compromise of 1877 unique was that it took place after the Civil War and was thus an attempt to prevent a second outbreak of violence. The other compromises, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850  and the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), all dealt with the issue of whether new states would be free or slave and were intended to avoid Civil War  over this volcanic issue. The Compromise of 1877 was also unusual as it was not reached after open debate in the U.S. Congress. It was primarily worked out behind the scenes and with virtually no written record. It arose out of a disputed presidential election that nevertheless was tinged with the old issues of North against South, this time involving the last three Southern states still controlled by Reconstruction-era Republican governments. Election of 1876: Tilden vs. Hayes The timing of the agreement was prompted by the presidential election of 1876  between Democrat Samuel B. Tilden, governor of New York, and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, governor  of Ohio. When the votes were counted, Tilden led Hayes by one vote in the Electoral College. But the Republicans accused the Democrats of voter fraud, saying they intimidated African-American voters in three Southern states, Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina, and prevented them from voting, thus fraudulently handing the election to Tilden. Congress set up a bipartisan commission made up of five U.S. representatives, five senators and five Supreme Court justices, with a balance of eight Republicans and seven Democrats. They struck a deal: The Democrats agreed to allow Hayes to become president and to respect the political and civil rights of African-Americans if the Republicans would remove all remaining federal troops from Southern states. This effectively ended the era of Reconstruction in the South and consolidated Democratic control, which lasted until the mid-1960s, nearly a century. Segregation Takes Over the South Hayes kept his side of the bargain and removed all federal troops from Southern states within two months of his inauguration. But Southern Democrats reneged on their part of the deal. With the federal presence gone, disenfranchisement of African-American voters in the South became widespread and Southern states passed segregationist laws governing virtually all aspects of society -- called Jim Crow -- that remained intact until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed during the administration of President Lyndon B.Johnson. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 followed a year later, finally codifying into law the promises made by Southern Democrats in the Compromise of 1877.

SOC 100 Week 5 Assignment Technology and Social Change...

Technology and Social Change Keith D. Howard SOC/100 June 1, 2015 Instructor: Christa Raines Technology and Social Change Introduction This report will examine how changes in technology are affected by society, in turn, how the society that produced this technology is impacted by this creation. The paper will specifically address the impact of personal computers, cell phones, and the internet on society, and how these technological advancements relate to the three major sociological perspectives; equilibrium model, digital divide, and cultural lag. The excessive use of computers has drastically changed the lives of many users. As a multifaceted tool, the computer is used for tasks to include research, homework, business related†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"With the increase in computer usage, many individuals are finding out that they are becoming more dependent on the computer. Individuals begin to find ‘virtual life’ more interesting than what is going on in their real lives,† (Computers and Their Impact, California State University Northridge, n.d.). It is also known that internet usage on cell/smart phones is a growing problem in the work force. Businesses are reporting that productivity and quality customer service is declining as a result of smartphone use. Cell phones in the workplace will cause disruptions such as talking loudly as well as loud ringtones, interrupting meetings, inappropriate, personal conversations, internet use, and gaming. According to a survey conducted on 145 out of 260 Chesapeake Fire Department employees, 56% claimed â€Å"Cell phones frequently interrupt training, meetings, and face-to-face conversations, which most consider rude and inconsiderate,† (How does the use of cell phones impact the Chesapeake Fire Department?, Long, n.d.). According to Talcott Parsons equilibrium model; as changes occur in one part of society, adjustments must be made in other parts. If not, society’s equilibrium will be threatened and strains willShow MoreRelatedSoc 100 Complete Class All Discussion Questions and Assignments4085 Words   |  17 PagesSOC 100 Complete Class All Discussion Questions and Assignments Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/soc100completeclassalldiscussionquestionsandassignments Product Description SOC 100 Complete Class All Discussion Questions, Individual Learning Team Assignments SOC 100 Week 1 Individual Assignment Cultural Background Paper You are all descended either from immigrants to America or from Native Americans. All of us, therefore, have in our background a culture other than the oneRead MoreEssay on ART 305 Syllabus 1 2559 Words   |  11 Pageswork/works of art that communicate to a diverse audience through a demonstrated understanding and fluency of expressive forms. 4. 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How are gender relationships depicted in Chaucers “Wife of Bath” Free Essays

The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale is one of the twenty-four stories which make up The Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer towards the end of the 14th century. The premise for The Tales is that of a group of pilgrims each telling stories in order to win the prize of a free meal, the primary narrator is a naà ¯ve pilgrim who is not described. The Canterbury Tales is written in Middle English, which bears a close visual resemblance to the English written and spoken today. We will write a custom essay sample on How are gender relationships depicted in Chaucers â€Å"Wife of Bath†? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Tales were unfinished as Chaucer died before their completion and the order of the stories has been disputed due to the fragmented nature of his work. This essay will be looking at gender relationships in The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale and in medieval Literature as a whole. Chaucer’s Wife of Bath is a middle-aged woman from the west country, who strides into The Canterbury Tales on a large horse with her spurs jangling and riding in the fashion of a man rather than the side saddle that was typical of women, ready to assert herself in the company of pilgrims made almost entirely of men. Rich and elaborate in design, the Wife’s clothes reek of extravagance, her stockings â€Å"weren of fyn scarlet reede† and â€Å"on hir feet a paire of spores sharpe† show how wealthy she has become from her conquests of men. In the General Prologue where each of the characters is described in terms of their profession she is clearly a ‘professional wife’ who has travelled more than almost all of the other pilgrims making her a bold, adventurous and sociable character. Men were the ones who travelled to distant lands in search of adventure, this challenges the accepted ideas about gender of the time. This portrait of a woman is very peculiar for a piece of medieval literature, men tend to have the starring role and women are usually featured as beautiful ladies in distress or as villainous old hags. The Wife of Bath is neither a helpless damsel in distress nor a typical old crone. She is the first of her kind in English literature. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue is the life story of Alison who has married five times, this in itself is unusual for a woman in medieval literature as it is usually the rogue male who has multiple lovers. Chaucer certainly informs us of Alison’s backstory to a higher degree than he does the other pilgrims. There are many pieces of literature which condemn women, from the highest class to the lowest, Chaucer does not ignore this with his characterisation of the Wife but rather embraces it to make her who she is. The Wife is noisy and bossy, she torments her husbands and has a large enough sexual appetite to compete with the most sexual of men. But Chaucer has also made her capable of love, vulnerable, optimistic and argumentative against medieval anti-woman ideas. It is not clear whether Chaucer wants us to sympathise with the Wife and see her as the first feminist and defender of women’s rights or if we are to view her as an elaborate joke of what would happen if a women were to ever have as much freedom as a man. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue is different from any literature which had been encountered, as is her Tale. The male lead is not a typical heroic knight but a rapist, the main female role is an ugly old woman and the force of good in the story is a court full of powerful women. All the standard ideas of gender relationships are both turned on their heads and brought into sharp focus. The Wife conforms to a number of anti-female stereotypes of the medieval period, stereotypes which were created by men for the purpose of a patriarchal society. She claims that she has a great sexual appetite whilst also boasting that she uses sex to gain wealth. The Wife also tells of how she controls her husbands through the use of her body, a fear which is common of villainous females in medieval literature and which males dread. The Wife points out that there are many husbands and wives in the Bible. Some of the greatest men in the Old Testament were not only married but had multiple wives. â€Å"Lo, heere the wise kyng, daun Salomon; I trowe he hadde wyves mo than oon. As wolde God it leveful were unto me To be refresshed half so ofte as he!† (35-38) This is a double standard in that these men have multiple lovers but that women apparently can’t. By calling King Solomon â€Å"wise† she is conveying that wise men have multiple marriages. The Wife successfully gives examples from the Bible of people whose marriages were blessed by God despite the polygamous nature of these marriages. The Pardoner who is shocked by the Wife’s revelations so far interrupts her story, he says that he was about to marry but is now not so sure that it is a good idea. â€Å"Now, dame,† quod he, â€Å"by God and by Seint John!†¦ I was aboute to wedde a wyf; allas!†¦ What sholde I bye it on my flessh so deere? Yet hadde I levere wedde no wyf to-yeere!† (164-168) The Wife then tells a short story about a medieval pardoner who worked for the Church collecting donations from those sorry for their sins and anxious to find forgiveness. His manhood is called into question throughout the canterbury tales and his talk of taking a wife is probably an empty boast. This is a continuation of Wife of Bath’s theme of male impotence, she regularly taunts her celibate male adversaries in this way throughout the prologue. It was unheard of for a woman to speak this way about such matters, even a man would think before directly insulting men of the Church. The first three husbands the Wife had were rich old men who were financially secure. The Wife treated each of these husbands badly and in a very dominating way. By being argumentative and eager to start trouble she ensured that they would be careful to please her. â€Å"What sholde I taken keep hem for to plese, But it were for my profit and myn ese?† (213-14) Here the Wife of Bath uses a rhetorical question, it is clear from the tone that she doesn’t think she needs to care about her husbands. The misogynists classed all women together as bad and all wives as nothing but trouble. Chaucer both confirms this stereotype here with the way the Wife treated her first three husbands but also turns it around so that the woman is in control for once and the men are indistinguishable without even a single name between them. Chaucer makes us pity the husbands but it also shows us how unfairly women are usually treated. Chaucer outlines the Wife’s general techniques on how she handles Marital trouble which are lying, cheating and accusing the opposite gender before they accuse you. Lying and cheating were the things that medieval literature always accused the villainous women in a story of doing. The Wife is therefore acting in a very stereotypically manipulative way, and comes very close to becoming the old villainous hag which was a staple of medieval literature. Chaucer makes it clear that the Wife is a complex character and that our response to her as readers should be one of uncertainty. He makes sure we see the good aswell as the bad. The Wife of Bath goes on to describe the lies she would use to keep her first three husbands in line. She’d accuse them of lecherous behaviour and of chasing after the neighbours or servants and then unfairly accusing her about her relationship with her ‘friend’. She uses powerful but offensive imagery towards woman in order to get her point across. â€Å"For as a spanyel she wol on hym lepe,†¦ But folk of wyves maken noon assay, Til they be wedded — olde dotard shrewe! And thanne, seistow, we wol oure vices shewe.† (267-292) The Wife of Bath uses simile’s to compare women first of all to animals, which should be tried by men before they are bought. They are then reduced even further being compared to ordinary objects such as basins, washbowls, spoons and stools. The men did not say these things and this paints the Wife of Bath in a very negative light for her deceit but at the same time other men during her period are guilty of thinking such things. The Wife boasts about how she lied to her husbands about what they said whilst drunk in order to make them feel guilty. This extract is some of the Wife’s most blatant deceit and if all women were to be like this in medieval times it would be surprising if men and women ever managed to live together at all. â€Å"Thou liknest eek wommenes love to helle, To bareyne lond, ther water may nat dwelle. Thou liknest it also to wilde fyr;† (371-372) The Wife doesn’t see the wickedness of her ways as is obvious when she states â€Å"Yet tikled I his herte, for that he Wende that I hadde of hym so greet chiertee!† The choice of verb is an interesting one because it is much lighter than the passage as a whole. The Wife claims that either her or her husband must give in if they are to live in peace, and she says â€Å"And sith a man is moore resonable† he should be the one to give in more easily. She then slyly puts in a comment about how she is his alone, implying that this could easily change at any moment. She is exploiting male and female stereotypes here, using a man’s image of themselves as reasonable and superior against them. She is manipulating by saying that if women are so stupid and emotional, clever men should just let them have their way in order for there to be peace. The Wife of Bath’s youth may have now passed her by but she has no regrets. Her fourth husband however was not a very happy memory for her. She even goes on to tell us about his unfaithfulness â€Å"This is to seyn, he hadde a paramour†. Her dominance and power over her first three husbands now gives way to the more melancholy story of her next husband. Old women in medieval literature quite often show bitterness and loathing when they remember their youth but the Wife has no regrets. Her optimism and her grace in the way that she accepts the passing of her youth shows a softer and more vulnerable side to this manipulative and domineering woman. With the death of her fourth husband The Wife then falls in love with a man named Jankyn who was half her age. Within a month she had married him and as an act of love she signed over all her property to him. However, Jankyn was typical of a medieval gender role. He was a dominant man who won’t be told what to do by a woman. He demands her to stop going on pilgrimages, stop gossiping and to generally stop all the mischievous behaviour from her past. He beats her for tearing pages out of a book and tells her of husbands who left their wives because the wives would not do as they were told. â€Å"And me of olde Romayn geestes teche; How he Symplicius Gallus lefte his wyf, And hire forsook for terme of al his lyf† (642-644) The Wife now has to be on the receiving end of the abuse that she has up until then caused, she is the one being dominated and controlled. She has previously been at a distance from the anti-women literature of the period, even used it to her advantage against her past husbands. Now she must endure the stereotypically male dominated household she has avoided for so long. The reason the Wife of Bath is deaf is because she was struck by Jankyn for tearing out a few pages from his favourite book. It consisted of stories by the best known authors of the middle ages which condemned women. â€Å"For trusteth wel, it is an impossible That any clerk wol speke good of wyves,† (688-689) She hated this book as Jankyn used it to cause her a great deal of grief, she stated that these men don’t understand women yet they are the ones writing these stories. What’s quite interesting is that all the literature she used to control her past husbands was now coming at her in a very real sense. The Wife of Bath asks the question â€Å"Who peyntede the leon, tel me who?† which points out that medieval women existed in a world where everything including art, religion, work, family life and literature was controlled by men. Chaucer pointing this out is well ahead of his time in terms of social gender commentary. The Wife’s ripping of the book could be seen as a symbolic gesture. The Wife used this literature against her past husbands, she had it used against her by her fifth husband. The tearing of the book is symbolic of the Wife moving away from medieval stereotypes. After finally finishing the prologue to her story the Wife of Bath moves onto her Tale. The story opens with the rape of a young maiden, the rape is described very casually as though it is somehow entirely natural that a woman is violently attacked this way. â€Å"He saugh a mayde walkynge hym biforn, Of which mayde anon, maugree hir heed, By verray force, he rafte hire maydenhed;† (886-888) The word ‘raft’ means he took her ‘maydenhead’ which is not a very violent verb but it still has powerful imagery because of how casual a word it is. This can be seen as an extreme example of the way in which women are regarded as mere property. The knight’s offence was against a woman so it is therefore ironic that women should step in to save his life. They don’t do this out of compassion or mercy though, he is to be placed in a powerless position in which the fate of his body is in the hands of another, similar to when a woman is raped. After a year of searching for the answer to the question of what women want the knight rides back to the court in despair, this is when he encounters an extremely ugly old woman who agrees to give him the answer to his question if he agrees to do something for her. After answering with â€Å"†Wommen desiren to have sovereynetee† the old hag asks the knight to marry her. Because our knight did not know what the condition would be he is placed in a far more vulnerable position. He is completely under the old woman’s dominance, a reversal of the normal male female relationship. The â€Å"lusty bacheler† from the start of the story now â€Å"hidde hym as an owle†, no longer dominant and in control or a stereotype of medieval man. The old woman then gives the knight an ultimatum, she can either be beautiful and unfaithful or faithful and ugly. The knight considers for a moment but decides in the end to let her make the decision which results in her being both beautiful and faithful. With the mastery handed over to the old lady, there is a switching of gender roles with the knight also getting what he wants. The knight is no longer the misogynist monster he was at the start of The Wife of Bath’s Tale. It could be argued that the Wife of Bath is giving a voice to the excluded women of medieval society. Through her voice we hear and see all the devaluation and oppression which is always silent in medieval literature due to the authors being almost entirely male. The Wife could also be interpreted as a representation of stereotypical medieval fear by men about women as cruel, emotional and sexually deviant. It is not clear in what way Chaucer meant for her to be conveyed, it is clear however that he wanted her to become a complicated character with many different layers whose gender was a driving force for the story. How to cite How are gender relationships depicted in Chaucers â€Å"Wife of Bath†?, Papers

Public Relation Campaigns for Australian Media - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePublic Relation Campaigns for Australian Media. Answer: Public relation campaigns have a long history of evolution in the Australian context. If you ever find a chance to look into the history of such campaigns you will be utterly surprised. You would be surprised to witness the variety of subjects that the public relation campaigns in Australia have encompassed in the past. An avid researcher would definitely find it interesting to explore the world of public relation campaigns in Australia, and she would be quite willing to indulge in the process of analyzing the true nature of the concerned campaigns. It must be noted in this regard that often, from the critical perspective, the public relation campaigns in Australia have been identified as interpretive means rather than factual ones (Sheehan, 2007). Moreover, the influence of the United States as the initiator of public relation campaigns in Australia should also be taken into account in terms of attributing such campaigns with symbolism rather than factualism. But whatever might be the nature of the Australian public relation campaigns, both its advocates and critiques have found it fit for the socio-political environments in which their inception took place. Since the arrival of the US forces in 1942 the realm of public relations and the related campaigns have remained largely dominated by the American public relation culture (Sheehan, 2007). This truth is undeniable and you are going to find the truth in the very nature of the Australian communication style. What can be more interesting for you to discover is the fact that in every phase of the evolution of human civilizations efforts of either promoting the ruler or the divine beings had been observed, and this promotional feature eventually paved the way for the emergence of modern public relation campaigns. In this context it the impact of the U.S. public relation style on the Australian public relation campaigning style should not be criticized; rather, it should be considered a natu ral process, keeping in mind the fact that modern public relation campaigns are actually the outcome of ancient influences, may it be the promotional campaigns of Alexander of Macedonia or the divine promotions of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. So, it should be taken as a natural phenomenon that one advanced society would be influenced by another advanced society in terms of promoting their cultural, social, political and economic resources. Though in the context of public relation campaigns in Australia, the major influence of the United States has again and again been pointed out; it would be impossible for an individual to deny the truth that such influence is natural and that; Australia also gave birth to pioneers who changed the face of public relations forever. The Australian pioneers reshaped the field of public relations and they brought about immense changes to the context by adding their indigenous charm to the spell that was cast by the U.S. public relation culture on the Australian counterpart. And it was this blending which gave rise to a unique public relations culture that has been, till date, References Sheehan, M. (2007). Australian Public Relations Campaigns: A select historical perspective 1899-1950. Australian Media Tradition, 2-23.