Soil Hydrology Under Fire Essay -- Geology Natural Nature Essays

Soil Hydrology Under FireSoil type is a function of 5 factors parent material, climate, topography, biota, and time (Singer and Munns, 1996). Fires consequence on soil give the gate be described in the same manner and, interestingly enough, is almost identical to the fivesome factors of soil formation with only a couple of nonaged modifications. First, the parent material for a burned soil is the original soil itself plus the enkindle consumed in the fire. Second, climate includes not only weather-related variables but excessively the burning temperature of the fire. This paper focuses specifically on one aspect of the climate factor the effect of water. It investigates both how soil moisture exploits fire unfeelingness, and conversely, how fire severity influences the hydrology of a soil. Based on this discussion a land management recommendation states that order fires should be utilized during wetter times of the year to increase the positive effectuate for vegetation a nd to minimize the negative effect of soil erosion. Rapid adjust regrowth is essential to the rehabilitation of a burned area, for plants greatly influence the hydrology of a soil. But for plants to grow back on a burned area, they require several(prenominal) nutrients whose concentrations are modified by fires. The degree of these modifications are obstinate by a fires temperature, but there are a few general trends. Levels of phosphorus (Kutiel and Shaviv, 1993 and Marion et al., 1991) and pH (Kutiel and Shaviv, 1993) both increase during a fire. Conversely, nitrogen decreases during a fire (Kutiel and Shaviv, 1993, Marion et al., 1991). Chemical concentrations in burned soils are greatly affected by a fires intensity. Ulery and Graham (1993) classify fire intensity into three study cla... ...h deposition, and clipping effects on soil nutrients in chaparral Soil Science party of America Journal, 55, 235-240.Robichaud, P. R. and Waldrop, T. A., 1994, A comparison of surface r unoff and sediment yields from low- and high-severity site preparation burns Water Resources Bulletin, 30, 27-34.Samran, S., Woodard, P. M., and Rothwell, R. L., 1995, The effect of soil water on undercoat fuel availability Forest Science, 41, 255-267.Scott, D. F. and Van Wyk, D. B., 1990, The effects of wildfire on soil wettability and hydrological behavior of an afforested catchment Journal of Hydrology, 121, 239-256.Singer, M. J, and Munns, D. N., 1996, Soils an introduction Upper Saddle River, Prentice-Hall Inc., 480 p.Ulery, A. L. and Graham, R. C., 1993, Forest fire effects on soils color and texture Soil Science fraternity of America Journal, 57, 135-140. Soil Hydrology Under Fire Essay -- Geology Natural Nature EssaysSoil Hydrology Under FireSoil type is a function of five factors parent material, climate, topography, biota, and time (Singer and Munns, 1996). Fires effect on soil can be described in the same manner and, interestingly enough, is almost iden tical to the five factors of soil formation with only a couple of minor modifications. First, the parent material for a burned soil is the original soil itself plus the fuel consumed in the fire. Second, climate includes not only weather-related variables but also the burning temperature of the fire. This paper focuses specifically on one aspect of the climate factor the effect of water. It investigates both how soil moisture influences fire severity, and conversely, how fire severity influences the hydrology of a soil. Based on this discussion a land management recommendation states that prescribed fires should be utilized during wetter times of the year to maximize the positive effects for vegetation and to minimize the negative effect of soil erosion. Rapid plant regrowth is essential to the rehabilitation of a burned area, for plants greatly influence the hydrology of a soil. But for plants to grow back on a burned area, they require several nutrients whose concentrations are mo dified by fires. The degree of these modifications are determined by a fires temperature, but there are a few general trends. Levels of phosphorus (Kutiel and Shaviv, 1993 and Marion et al., 1991) and pH (Kutiel and Shaviv, 1993) both increase during a fire. Conversely, nitrogen decreases during a fire (Kutiel and Shaviv, 1993, Marion et al., 1991). Chemical concentrations in burned soils are greatly affected by a fires intensity. Ulery and Graham (1993) classify fire intensity into three major cla... ...h deposition, and clipping effects on soil nutrients in chaparral Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 235-240.Robichaud, P. R. and Waldrop, T. A., 1994, A comparison of surface runoff and sediment yields from low- and high-severity site preparation burns Water Resources Bulletin, 30, 27-34.Samran, S., Woodard, P. M., and Rothwell, R. L., 1995, The effect of soil water on ground fuel availability Forest Science, 41, 255-267.Scott, D. F. and Van Wyk, D. B., 1990, The effects of wildfire on soil wettability and hydrological behavior of an afforested catchment Journal of Hydrology, 121, 239-256.Singer, M. J, and Munns, D. N., 1996, Soils an introduction Upper Saddle River, Prentice-Hall Inc., 480 p.Ulery, A. L. and Graham, R. C., 1993, Forest fire effects on soils color and texture Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57, 135-140.

America Must Lower the Drinking Age Essay -- Legal Alcohol Consumption

America Must Lower the Drinking Age The current drinking maturate in the United States of America is 21. There ar some batch who agree with the current drinking age even some who think it should be raised. On the other hand, a number of people feel that the current drinking age produces more problems than it prevents (Cross Fire). The United States has unsuccessfully tried prohibition legislation not once, but double in the past. These laws were eventually done away with due to the inability to enforce and the repercussion towards them that ended up create even more trials and tribulations (Engs). Prohibition demonstrates beyond a doubt that drinking and the problems caused by drinking cannot simply be eliminated from the United States (Olson). In the present day, the government is still reiterating the same mistakes that they made in past attempts (Engs). Research from the early 1980s until present-day shows a decrease in per capita consumption instead, there has been an increase in other problems involving excessive and thoughtless drinking amongst college students after the twenty one year old law in 1987 (Engs). The current drinking age of 21 is not effective and is causing other social problems. (Engs). This calls for us as a nation to change our existing drinking law. The drinking age of twenty-one is a paradox of age cardinal as the age of consent. The age of consent is defined to be the age at which the person becomes able to make responsible decisions ( wherefore the US Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18). The government needs to start genuinely treating eighteen year-olds like the adults the U.S. constitution says they are (Barnes). The United States entrusts eighteen year-old citizens with ... ...eb. 2000. The Lycos Network. 3 Oct. 2001http//www.studentadvantage.lycos.com/lycos/article/0,4638,c5-i53-t0-a23235,00.htmlEngs, Ruth. Forbidden Fruit. Winter 1999. 3 Oct. 2001http//www.indiana.edu/engs/articles/fruit.htmlFord, G ene. Expert Opinion. 3 Oct. 2001 http//www.2.postdam.edu/alcoholinfo/ExpertOpinion/LowerDrinkAge.htmlHarald Net. Parents cannot rely on the drinking-age laws. Herald Net 18 June 2001. 3Oct. 2001 http//www.heraldnet.com/Stories/01/6/18/13878319.cfmNichols, Hans. Getting Drunk on Rebellion. Insight 9 Oct. 2001http//www.insightmag.com/archive/200107174.shtmlOlson, Steve. Alcohol in America Taking Action to Prevent Abuse. 1985. 9 Oct. 2001http//emedia.netlibrary.com/reader/toc.asp?cu_id=19302Why the US drinking age should be lowered to 18. 9 Oct. 2001http//www.web.mit.edu/ecoder/www/drinking.html